they love to attack affirmative action through our defense's so-called color blind policies. often lost in the middle of these divergent and polarizing arguments is the ultimate goal of achieving equality for those who have been shut out of opportunities. from its inception by president johnson to the 1978 decision in their regions of the university of california verses mackey outlying -- outlying quotas to the 19 -- to the 2003 decision in a farming affirmative action policies at the university of michigan. the practical implementation of affirmative action is a patchwork of legal impressions about how best to make amends for the nation's past practices of legal, racial inequality. regrettably, the tuberous surrounding the affirmative-action debate has taken of that debate. the real ideals for affirmative-action have been some misconstrued over the years that it helps to look back and to see why it was been deemed necessary in the first place. the widely misunderstood quota system or grossly mischaracterizes as reverse discrimination against white americans, affirmative acti